Reflection is a method of learning where one gains lessons. This was done largely through their experience in a specific area and used in areas like education, healthcare fields, social work, management, etc. The Gibbs Reflective Model is one of the most commonly used frameworks for structured reflection. Graham Gibbs developed this model in 1988, and it provides a cyclic arrangement for reflection in six stages, leading users through a structured process.
We will explain the Gibbs Reflective Model, share its practical examples, and finally, give tips on how to effectively use it for personal and professional development.
What is the Gibbs Reflective Model?
The Gibbs Reflective Cycle is a theoretical model that is popularly used by students and professionals for evaluating their experiences. Its cyclical nature promotes ongoing learning by taking users through the following six phases:
- Description—What happened?
- Feelings— What were you thinking and feeling?
- Evaluation—What was good or bad about the experience?
- Analysis— What sense can you make of the situation?
- Conclusion—What else could you have done?
- Action Plan—If it happened again, what would you do differently?
A Breakdown of the 6 Stages of Gibbs Reflective Model
Let’s explore each stage in detail:
- Description—What happened?
Go about objectively describing the experience without any sort of judgement or analysis. Be specific, and keep the facts straight.
Example:
“I was invited to run a small group discussion in a classroom setting. I brought it up, but the class quickly went off track, and many students tuned out.”
- Feelings— What were you thinking and feeling?
Think back about your feelings when that happened. This helps you to navigate your responses as well as your internal impulses.
Example:
“I was nervous in the beginning that I would not be able to handle the group. As the discussion veered, I remember feeling frustrated and disappointed with my ability to lead.”
- Evaluation—What was good and bad about the experience?
Weigh the pros and cons. Think about the consequences of your actions and those around you.
Example:
“The first introduction went well, with some students engaging actively.” However, I had difficulty keeping the group on track, and some students did not contribute at all.”
- Analysis— What sense can you make of the situation?
Analyze why things happened the way they did. Consider theories, previous experiences, or professional knowledge to understand the situation deeper.
Example:
“I lacked experience in group facilitation techniques. It was probably because I didn’t establish clear rules so the kids know the importance of structure“. I might have triggered some issues in accordance with Tuckman’s model about group development, as a group hadn’t reached the ‘norming’ stage.”
- Conclusion—What else could you have done?
Draw conclusions about what you learned and identify what could have improved the experience.
Example:
“I think if I had planned more structured questions and set clearer expectations up front and managed time better, then everyone would’ve had a turn.”
- An action plan — What are you going to do differently next time?
Relying on your reflection, map out concrete steps for how you will respond to similar situations in the future.
Example:
“Next time, I’ll create a discussion guide, assign roles (e.g., timekeeper, note-taker), and use techniques to encourage quieter students to participate.”
Benefits of Using Gibbs Reflective Model
- Structured Thinking: The layered framework supports the clarity of your thought process.
- Self-knowledge promotes deep understanding of oneself and emotional awareness.
- Keeps Getting Better: Turns experiences into lessons, making them lifelong learners.
- Widely Applicable: Relevant for nursing, education, management, etc.
Real-World Example: Gibbs Model in Nursing
Scenario: A nurse administers medication to a patient who then experiences an allergic reaction.
- Description: Administered penicillin; patient developed a rash.
- Feelings: Felt anxious and guilty.
- Evaluation: Immediate response was effective, but the allergy wasn’t checked properly.
- Analysis: Missed step in patient history review; caused preventable error.
- Conclusion: Must double-check patient history in the future.
- Action Plan: Implement checklist protocol before administering medications.
This example shows how critical reflection can improve clinical practices and patient safety.
Tips to Use the Gibbs Reflective Cycle Effectively
- Be honest: Reflection only works when you’re transparent with yourself.
- Write it down: Keep a journal or template of each step.
- Use Evidence or Theory: When relevant, ground your analysis in academic theories.
- Set SMART Goals: Your action plan should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound
- Reflect Regularly: Make it a habit, not a once-off task.
- Share Your Insights: Have the opportunity to discuss your reflections with a mentor or a peer and allow for an external perspective.
Final Thoughts
More than a tool, the Gibbs Reflective Model is a mindset. Whether you’re a student looking back on an assignment, a nurse processing a patient case, or a manager assessing team performance, this framework pushes you to think critically, learn successfully, and develop consistently.
And by using Gibbs’ cycle regularly, you become not just a better learner or professional but a more reflective, conscious individual.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. When is Gibbs Reflective Model appropriate?
Anyone who wants to develop their personal or professional practice by reflecting—and that includes students, healthcare professionals, teachers, and managers.
Q2. Can the Gibbs model be used for group reflection?
Yes. Teams can collectively reflect on shared experiences using this model to foster collaboration and improve future performance.
Q3. How often should I use the reflective model?
Use it regularly—after any significant task, experience, or event—to build reflective habits.
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